What the columns mean
Standard rate — applies to everything not explicitly placed in a reduced category. EU law sets a floor of 15%; there is no ceiling.
Reduced rates — member states may apply up to two reduced rates of at least 5% to goods and services on an agreed list, typically food, water, pharmaceuticals, books, passenger transport and cultural admissions. Which items qualify is a national decision, so the same product is not necessarily reduced everywhere.
Super-reduced rates — rates below 5%, kept by a small number of countries under historical derogations. They cannot be introduced by countries that do not already have them.
VAT number prefix — the country code that precedes the VAT number. Note that Greece uses EL, not GR; this trips up validation more often than any other prefix.
Rates change more often than you expect
Standard rates were stable for years, then several countries moved in quick succession as budgets tightened. Finland, Estonia, Slovakia and Romania have all raised their standard rate since 2024.
If you hold prices in a marketplace or ERP system, a rate change means a repricing job, not just a bookkeeping entry — a gross price left untouched after a rate rise quietly comes out of your margin.
VAT rates country by country
The same 27 countries, one block each: what the tax is called locally and what a VAT number from there looks like. Every country has its own anchor, so a link can point straight at it.
Austria
Austria — standard VAT rate: 20% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 13%, 10%. Locally the tax is called USt; a VAT number looks like ATU12345678.
Belgium
Belgium — standard VAT rate: 21% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 12%, 6%. Locally the tax is called BTW/TVA; a VAT number looks like BE0123456789.
Bulgaria
Bulgaria — standard VAT rate: 20% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 9%. Locally the tax is called ДДС; a VAT number looks like BG123456789.
Croatia
Croatia — standard VAT rate: 25% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 13%, 5%. Locally the tax is called PDV; a VAT number looks like HR12345678901.
Cyprus
Cyprus — standard VAT rate: 19% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 9%, 5%. Super-reduced rate: 3%. Locally the tax is called ΦΠΑ; a VAT number looks like CY12345678L.
Czechia
Czechia — standard VAT rate: 21% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 12%. Locally the tax is called DPH; a VAT number looks like CZ12345678.
Denmark
Denmark — standard VAT rate: 25% (as of 2026). No reduced rate. Locally the tax is called moms; a VAT number looks like DK12345678.
Estonia
Estonia — standard VAT rate: 24% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 13%, 9%. Locally the tax is called km; a VAT number looks like EE123456789.
Finland
Finland — standard VAT rate: 25.5% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 14%, 10%. Locally the tax is called ALV; a VAT number looks like FI12345678.
France
France — standard VAT rate: 20% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 10%, 5.5%. Super-reduced rate: 2.1%. Locally the tax is called TVA; a VAT number looks like FRXX123456789.
Germany
Germany — standard VAT rate: 19% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 7%. Locally the tax is called MwSt.; a VAT number looks like DE123456789.
Greece
Greece — standard VAT rate: 24% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 13%, 6%. Locally the tax is called ΦΠΑ; a VAT number looks like EL123456789.
Hungary
Hungary — standard VAT rate: 27% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 18%, 5%. Locally the tax is called ÁFA; a VAT number looks like HU12345678.
Ireland
Ireland — standard VAT rate: 23% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 13.5%, 9%. Super-reduced rate: 4.8%. Locally the tax is called VAT; a VAT number looks like IE1234567L.
Italy
Italy — standard VAT rate: 22% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 10%, 5%. Super-reduced rate: 4%. Locally the tax is called IVA; a VAT number looks like IT12345678901.
Latvia
Latvia — standard VAT rate: 21% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 12%, 5%. Locally the tax is called PVN; a VAT number looks like LV12345678901.
Lithuania
Lithuania — standard VAT rate: 21% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 9%, 5%. Locally the tax is called PVM; a VAT number looks like LT123456789.
Luxembourg
Luxembourg — standard VAT rate: 17% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 14%, 8%. Super-reduced rate: 3%. Locally the tax is called TVA; a VAT number looks like LU12345678.
Malta
Malta — standard VAT rate: 18% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 12%, 7%, 5%. Locally the tax is called VAT; a VAT number looks like MT12345678.
Netherlands
Netherlands — standard VAT rate: 21% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 9%. Locally the tax is called BTW; a VAT number looks like NL123456789B01.
Poland
Poland — standard VAT rate: 23% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 8%, 5%. Locally the tax is called VAT; a VAT number looks like PL1234567890.
Portugal
Portugal — standard VAT rate: 23% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 13%, 6%. Locally the tax is called IVA; a VAT number looks like PT123456789.
Romania
Romania — standard VAT rate: 21% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 11%. Locally the tax is called TVA; a VAT number looks like RO1234567890.
Slovakia
Slovakia — standard VAT rate: 23% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 19%, 5%. Locally the tax is called DPH; a VAT number looks like SK1234567890.
Slovenia
Slovenia — standard VAT rate: 22% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 9.5%, 5%. Locally the tax is called DDV; a VAT number looks like SI12345678.
Spain
Spain — standard VAT rate: 21% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 10%. Super-reduced rate: 4%. Locally the tax is called IVA; a VAT number looks like ESX1234567X.
Sweden
Sweden — standard VAT rate: 25% (as of 2026). Reduced rates: 12%, 6%. Locally the tax is called moms; a VAT number looks like SE123456789001.
Frequently asked questions
Luxembourg, at a 17% standard rate. The highest is Hungary at 27%.
It comes from the Greek name for the country, Ellada. The ISO country code is GR, but the VAT prefix is EL, and validation systems expect EL.
The rates themselves are, but the place-of-supply rules differ: for digital services to consumers, the customer’s country rate applies from the first sale, with no €10,000 threshold in the way it works for goods in every case. Check the rules for your specific service before relying on the goods threshold.